麻豆传媒色情片

When sound-induced vibrations are translated into electrochemical signals, humans and other animals can hear those sounds. Within the cochlea of the inner ear, inner hair cells, or IHCs, release neurotransmitter-filled vesicles at their synapse with afferent neurons, sending auditory information to the brain. Some researchers suspect a unique network of trafficking proteins and organelles is involved in this neurotransmission. However, scientists do not know the identities for most of these molecular players.

Previous studies reported a general protein profile of IHCs by analyzing whole cochleas. However, these studies did not identify the proteins found specifically in the IHC’s presynaptic regions, where vesicles are released.

Apical turn of an organ of Corti of an adult mouse, showing VGluT3 expression, magenta, in inner hair cells.

Andreia Cepeda, who studied deafness during her Ph.D. at the University Medical Center Goettingen, wanted to uncover these details.  

“One of the challenges has been the scarcity of material needed for these kinds of studies which require large amounts of purified sample,” Cepeda said. “Obtaining enough starting material from these IHCs is an extremely difficult and time-consuming task.”

To tackle this challenge, Cepeda teamed up with Momchil Ninov, who specializes in isolating synaptic vesicles, and others from the Max Planck Institute. The group developed a protocol that led to the first complete map of the IHC proteome, which they published in their recent in 麻豆传媒色情片 & Cellular Proteomics.

Before identifying IHC proteins, the team had to isolate enough samples from mice for proteomic analysis, Cepeda’s most challenging task.

“I was the only one dissecting the cochleas,” she said, “and I had entire weeks where I was dissecting every day, all day simply to collect enough material.”

Cepeda and Ninov said they isolated roughly 150 organs of Corti per run, the receptor organs where the IHCs are located, from these cochleas — which further reduced the amount of sample they had to work with.

“Imagine how many cochleas (and how many mice) we need to obtain enough material to be used for further purification,” Ninov said. “To give you an idea, one starts with the cochlea of a mouse, which is about the size of a grain of rice, and under the microscope, we need to dissect (the organ of Corti), which is the size of a needle’s head.”

Though tedious, this step notably improved their sample purity for downstream analysis.

Following dissection and homogenization, the group separated the samples into subcellular fractions by differential centrifugation. Then they immunoisolated IHC-specific vesicles and organelles using an antibody against VGluT3, a glutamate transporter expressed exclusively in IHCs. This resulted in an enriched, albeit limited amount of material ready to be characterized by mass spectrometry. The group had access to a sophisticated mass spectrometer allowing them to identify proteins in very small amounts.

Using this workflow, the team introduced the first exhaustive list of proteins involved in vesicle trafficking at the IHC presynapse. They also noted significant developmental changes in this molecular profile by measuring proteins before and after the onset of hearing. The group further validated the proteins by confocal microscopy but they say that more needs to be done. Knocking down these proteins in animal models along with recent advances in the study of membrane trafficking could reveal key synaptic physiology contributing to deafness.