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Protein profiles offer new insights into Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A novel fungal protease improves proteomic coverage. Expression of HLA-II shows promise for immunotherapy. Read about these recent articles in Â鶹´«Ã½É«ÇéƬ & Cellular Proteomics.

New insights into Duchenne muscular dystrophy 

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or DMD, is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of the dystrophin protein that keeps muscles intact. Development of effective treatments for DMD has been challenging because researchers do not understand completely the pathological consequences resulting from loss of dystrophin.

Necrotic muscle fibers are characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

In a recent in the journal Â鶹´«Ã½É«ÇéƬ & Cellular Proteomics, Tirsa L.E. van Westering and researchers at the University of Oxford used mass spectrometry to identify differential protein expression in muscles at three different ages (representing the different stages of DMD pathology) from two strains of mice with genetically altered DMD and one strain of unaltered mice (control).

The protein profiles of the two types of DMD mice were found to be similar; however, numerous proteins were differentially expressed between DMD mice and unaltered mice at each of three stages of DMD pathology. These included proteins associated with the extracellular matrix and muscle function, many of which had not been reported in previous studies. Further analysis showed that the dystrophic condition is characterized by multiple perturbed pathways and crosstalk among inflammatory, metabolic and muscle growth pathways.

The researchers created a publicly available that reports the quantification of 4,974 proteins across the DMD mice and control mice at various disease time points — the highest number of quantified proteins in dystrophic muscle described to date. It will offer many researchers a wider perspective into the proteomic signatures characteristic of DMD and potential therapeutic targets and also will be useful for researchers studying the effects of aging on the muscle proteome.

Novel fungal protease improves proteomic coverage

Enzymatic digestion of protein into shorter peptides by sequence-specific proteases is a key step in mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics experiments. Trypsin has been used predominantly due to its high specificity (it cleaves exclusively after the amino acids arginine and lysine), widespread availability and ease of use.

Diana Samodova and a team at the University of Copenhagen characterized another protease, ProAlanase, isolated from the fungus Aspergillus niger, that cleaves primarily on the C-terminal side of proline and alanine amino acid residues of proteins. Compared to trypsin-only digestion, a combination of ProAlanase and tryptic digestions showed improved proteome coverage. The researchers also demonstrated ProAlanase’s broad utility in other proteomics applications in a recent published in the journal Â鶹´«Ã½É«ÇéƬ & Cellular Proteomics.

This study highlights the importance of investigating alternative proteases for proteomic experiments. Alternatives to trypsin will be beneficial in cases where digestion by trypsin is not ideal, such as when the content of arginine and lysine in the protein is low. Moreover, as proteases with different cleavage sites will generate different sets of peptides for the same proteome, combination digestion will yield improved results for various applications, such as identification of proteins, protein–protein interactions and post-translational modifications in various biological systems. 

Expression of HLA-II shows promise for immunotherapy

When the immune system is suppressed, glioblastoma, or GBM, develops into an aggressive cancer in the brain or spinal cord, with poor prognosis. Understanding the interaction between the T-cell receptor on CD4⁺ T cells and HLA-II cancer-specific epitopes on GBM cells is vital for the development of immunotherapies. However, HLA-II complexes almost never are expressed naturally in GMB cells, and scientists believe their absence contributes to the poor anti-tumor immune response commonly seen in GBM. 

In a recent in the journal Â鶹´«Ã½É«ÇéƬ & Cellular Proteomics, Greta Forlani and a team of Swiss researchers write that they discovered how to induce HLA-II expression by inserting the gene histocompatibility complex transactivator, or CIITA, into various GMB cell lines. They then used a number of techniques to uncover more than 30,000 unique HLA-II peptides in those cell lines.

If HLA-II expression can be induced successfully, it has promising therapeutic implications for HLA-II–negative tumors such as GBM. For example, mice with tumor cells injected with CIITA (which causes increased HLA-II expression) have been shown to produce robust anti-cancer immune responses. Furthermore, CIITA-expressing tumor cells will be useful for discovering antigens that can be used to develop immunotherapies.