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Maxine Singer, a revolutionary molecular biologist, National Medal of science recipient, federal health official and inclusion advocate, died July 9, 2024, in Washington, D.C., of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. She was 93 and had been a member of the 麻豆传媒色情片 and 麻豆传媒色情片 Biology for over 60 years.

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Maxine Singer worked with other scientists to develop the first set of universal guidelines for genetic experimentation that balanced scientific innovation and public safety concerns.

Singer was born Feb. 15, 1931, in New York City to a lawyer and homemaker. According to a , she developed an early interest in science as a public school student in Brooklyn, New York, which led her to Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She was one of the few women who graduated with a degree in chemistry.

Supported by a National Science Foundation fellowship, Singer earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1957. She then began her career as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institutes of Health and focused her research on the emerging field of nucleic acids.

Singer’s scientific work was pivotal in the early days of molecular biology. She found that specific amino acids correspond to coding regions in RNA. Her discovery was foundational to deciphering the genetic code and laid the groundwork for future discoveries in genetic engineering. Much of her early work was published in the .

In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists began experimenting with DNA splicing. Singer understood the potential ethical complications of these experiments. According to a article, she worked with other scientists and was one of five signers in 1975 on the first set of universal guidelines for genetic experimentation that balanced scientific innovation and public safety concerns. The NIH adopted these guidelines one year later.

Singer was promoted to chief of nucleic acid research at the National Cancer Institute in 1980. There, she discovered that DNA sequences can relocate within a chromosome and cause mutations and, potentially, disease.

After working at the NIH for many years, Singer became the eight president of Carnegie Science in 1988. At Carnegie, she created national science education and outreach programs and was a strong advocate for women and historically underrepresented groups in science. According to an , some male researchers refused to work in her laboratory.

“I’ve given talks where it was really important for me to say, ‘Yes, I’m a nerd and I’m proud of it,’” she said in a  with The New York Times. “It’s important for people to see this small, gray-haired Jewish grandma, that I’m one of them. I’m not some crazy person, and few of my colleagues are.”

Her contributions to science and society were widely recognized. President George H.W. Bush awarded Singer the National Medal of Science in 1992 for “her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist.”

Singer served on the ASBMB Council from 1978 to 1982, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979 and received numerous awards, including the Association for the Advancement of Science’s William D. Carey Lectureship Award for Leadership in Science Policy, the National Science Board’s Vannevar Bush Award and the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine’s Public Welfare Medal.

In 2007, her work on the , and was honored in a article. She shared the ASBMB’s Howard K. Schachman Public Service Award with Bruce Alberts in 2013 “for their extensive work as champions for young scientists and their efforts to improve science education.”

She is survived by her husband, Daniel; four children and four grandchildren.